Consumo de ayudas ergogénicas nutricionales y farmacéuticas en personas que asisten a gimnasios del municipio de Cercado, Cochabamba

Dado el problema de salud pública que plantean los esteroides anabólicos, el consumo de ayudas ergogénicas está aumentando a nivel mundial, no es en Bolivia. Además, existe un consumo desmedido de suplementos nutricionales y farmacéuticos, así como efectos reversibles e irreversibles de los esteroides anabólicos. Objetivos: describir cómo se consumen las ayudas ergogénicas nutricionales y farmacéuticas y cómo los asistentes a gimnasios en el municipio Cercado de Cochabamba perciben sus efectos en su salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con 378 participantes mayores de 18 años, (estratificada) divididos en cuatro grupos; Amateur, Fitness, Deportista y en nueve gimnasios y dos grupos (NABBA-IFFB) y deportistas en general en el área metropolitana de Cercado Cochabamba. Resultados: se encontró que el 74,6% consume alguna sustancia que mejoran el rendimiento; el consumo de ayudas ergogénicas nutricionales fue del 57,1%(n=216) y farmacológicas el 17,4% (n=66). El tiempo dedicado a entrenamiento y dieta para el grupo amateur es estadísticamente significativo con un valor de (p<0,05). Los efectos percibidos y reportados por el consumo de ayudas ergogénicas farmacológicas (esteroides anabólicos androgénicos) son principalmente cambios de humor, alteración en la libido y acné. Entre los efectos secundarios irreversibles dos casos de hombres desarrollaron ginecomastia y dos mujeres desarrollaron clítoromegalia. Conclusiones: los usuarios de ejercicio en el gimnasio consumen grandes cantidades de sustancias nutricionales y/o farmacológica que mejoran el rendimiento.

Given the public health problem posed by anabolic steroids, the consumption of ergogenic aids is increasing worldwide, not indifferently in Bolivia. In addition, there is an excessive consumption of nutritional and pharmaceutical supplements, as well as reversible and irreversible effects of anabolic steroids. Objectives: to describe how nutritional and pharmaceutical ergogenic aids are consumed and how gym-goers in the Cercado municipality of Cochabamba perceive their effects on their health. Methods: a crosssectional observational study was conducted with 378 participants over 18 years of age, (stratified) divided into four groups; Amateur, Fitness, Athlete and in 9 gyms and 2 groups (NABBA-IFFB) and athletes in general in the metropolitan area of Cercado Cochabamba. Results: it was found that 74.6% consumed some performance-enhancing substance; the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids was 57.1% (n=216) and pharmacological aids 17.4% (n=66). Time dedicated to training and diet for the amateur group is statistically significant with a value of (p<0.05). The perceived and reported effects of the consumption of pharmacological ergogenic aids (anabolic androgenic steroids) are mainly mood changes, libido alteration and acne. Among the irreversible side effects 2 cases of men developed gynecomastia and 2 women developed clitoromegaly. Conclusions: exercise users in the gym consume large amounts of nutritional and/or pharmacological performance enhancing substances.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al abandono del implante subdérmico de Etonogestrel, Azogues, Ecuador, 2014-2017 / Prevalence and associated factors of subdermal Etonogestrel implant discontinuation, Azogues, Ecuador, 2014-2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: El plan nacional de reducción de muerte materna y neonatal considera a la pla-nificación familiar como una de las mejores tácticas para reducir los embarazos no deseados, los abortos no terapéuticos y las muertes maternas; en este sentido el abandono precoz del implante subdérmico de Etonogestrel constituye un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al abandono del implante subdérmico de Etonoges-trel en pacientes atendidas en el Distrito de salud 03D01 de Azogues, durante el 2014-2017. MATERIALES y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. El universo estuvo cons-tituido por todas las usuarias del implante subdérmico de Etonogestrel, la muestra incluyó 234 pacientes, seleccionada de forma aleatoria simple. Los datos se obtuvieron y se analizaron con el Software SPSS, versión 2015. La asociación significativa fue considerada con valor de p < 0.005. RESULTADOS: La edad de la población en estudio fluctuó entre 13 y 46 años, el 58.5 % eran casadas, el 49.1 % residían en el área urbana. La prevalencia de retiro precoz del implante fue del 33.3% [IC 95 % 26.98 ­ 39.02] y estuvo asociado a alteraciones del sangrado menstrual que afectan la calidad de vida [RP 3.9; IC 95 % 3.1 ­ 5.0; p < 0.001 ], incremento de peso > 10 Kg [RP 3.5; IC 95 % 2.8 ­ 4.0; p < 0.001], cefalea intensa [ RP 3.7; IC 95 % 3.0 ­ 5.0; p < 0.001], dolor en el sitio de inserción [RP 3.1; IC 95 % 2.6 - 4.0; p 0.004] y deseo de embarazo [RP 3.3; IC 95 % 2.7 ­ 4.0; p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de abandono precoz del implante subdérmico de Etonogestrel en nuestro medio es del 33.3% y está asociado a la presencia de efectos no deseados del mismo.

BACKGROUND: The national plan for maternal and neonatal death reduction considers birth control as one of the best methods to reduce unwanted pregnancies, non-therapeutic abortions and maternal deaths, in this way the discontinuation of subdermal Etonorgestrel implant is a public health issue. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors of contraceptive discontinua-tion, of subdermal Etonorgestrel implant, in patients from Azogues (03D01 Health District), from 2014 to 2017. METHODOlOGY: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study universe included all sub-dermal Etonorgestrel implant users, the study sample included 234 patients, selected by simple ran-dom sampling. The data was obtained and analyzed with the SPSS Software, 2015 version. Significant association was considered with a value of p < 0.005. RESUlTS:The sample age was between 13 and 46 years, 58.5 % were married, 49.1 % lived in the urban area. The prevalence of contraceptive discontinuation for Etonorgestrel implant was 33.3 % [95 % CI 26.98 - 39.02]; and it was associated with: menstrual cycle disturbances that affected quality of life [PR 3.9, 95 % CI 3 .1 ­ 5.0, p < 0.001], with weight increase> 10 kg [RP 3.5, 95 % CI 2.8 ­ 4.0,p < 0.001], severe headache [RP 3.7, 95 % CI 3.0 ­ 5.0, p < 0.001], pain at the insertion site [RP 3.1, 95 % CI 2.6 ­ 4.0, p 0.004] and pregnancy planning [RP 3.3, 95 % CI 2.7 ­ 4.0, p < 0.001]. CONClUSION: The prevalence of contraceptive discontinuation of the subdermal Etonogestrel implant in our population was 33.3% and it is associated with the drug side effects.

Adherencia a los antidepresivos: reto terapéutico para mejores desenlaces clínicos en pacientes con depresión / Antidepressant adherence: therapeutic challenge for a better clinical outcome in depressive patients

La depresión es una enfermedad psiquiátrica que se manifiesta a través de un estado de ánimo bajo y síntomas somáticos como debilidad, trastornos del sueño, entre otros. Se presenta en edades tempranas principalmente, sin embargo se ha descrito en cualquier grupo etario; esta enfermedad genera alto impacto en el entorno familiar, social y laboral de la persona. La terapia antidepresiva comprende tanto el tratamiento farmacológico como las psicoterapias, siendo ambas el pilar fundamental para la remisión de esta patología. Por lo tanto, la adherencia terapéutica, definida como el cumplimiento de las dosis y tiempos indicados del medicamento prescrito y la aceptación de los cambios en el estilo de vida, se considera un reto clínico que a pesar de ser poco estudiado, se ha visto que mejora considerablemente el control de los síntomas depresivos y evitando consecuencias como la discapacidad...(AU)

Depression is a psychiatric illness that manifests itself through a low mood and somatic symptoms such weakness, sleep disorders, among others. It occurs mainly at early ages, however it has been described at any age; this disease generates high impact in the familiar, social and work environment of the person. Antidepressant therapy includes drug therapy and psychotherapy, both being essential for the remission of this pathology. Therefore, therapeutic adherence, defined as the compliance with doses and times indicated of the prescribed medication and the acceptance of changes in lifestyle, is considered a clinical challenge that despite of being low studied, significantly improves control of depressive symptoms and avoids consequences such as disability...(AU)

Secondary myeloid neoplasms: bone marrow cytogenetic and histological features may be relevant to prognosis

Abstract Background: Secondary myeloid neoplasms comprise a group of diseases arising after chemotherapy, radiation, immunosuppressive therapy or from aplastic anemia. Few studies have addressed prognostic factors in these neoplasms. Method: Forty-two patients diagnosed from 1987 to 2008 with secondary myeloid neoplasms were retrospectively evaluated concerning clinical, biochemical, peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, biopsy, and immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic features at diagnosis as prognostic factors. The International Prognostic Scoring System was applied. Statistical analysis employed the Kaplan–Meier method, log-rank and Fisher's exact test. Results: Twenty-three patients (54.8%) were male and the median age was 53.5 years (range: 4–88 years) at diagnosis of secondary myeloid neoplasms. Previous diseases included hematologic malignancies, solid tumors, aplastic anemia, autoimmune diseases and conditions requiring solid organ transplantations. One third of patients (33%) were submitted to chemotherapy alone, 2% to radiotherapy, 26% to both modalities and 28% to immunosuppressive agents. Five patients (11.9%) had undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The median latency between the primary disease and secondary myeloid neoplasms was 85 months (range: 23–221 months). Eight patients were submitted to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat secondary myeloid neoplasms. Important changes in bone marrow were detected mainly by biopsy, immunohistochemistry and cytogenetics. The presence of clusters of CD117+ cells and p53+ cells were associated with low survival. p53 was associated to a higher risk according to the International Prognostic Scoring System. High prevalence of clonal abnormalities (84.3%) and thrombocytopenia (78.6%) were independent factors for poor survival. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that cytogenetics, bone marrow biopsy and immunohistochemistry are very important prognostic tools in secondary myeloid neoplasms.

Validación de un cuestionario para evaluar causas administrativas de la baja notificación de reacciones adversas a los medicamentos / Validation of a questionnaire to evaluate administrative causes of low reporting of adverse drug reactions

RESUMEN Objetivo Diseñar y validar una encuesta para conocer las causas de tipo administrativo que pueden influir en la baja notificación de reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM). Métodos El cuestionario se diseñó a partir de una revisión bibliográfica y una tormenta de ideas. Las variables que se consideraron que pueden influir en la notificación fueron la carga de trabajo de los profesionales y su percepción del control de la actividad de farmacovigilancia. Para su validación, se encuestó a 60 profesionales de una muestra de conveniencia. La confiabilidad se calculó con la alfa de Cronbach y el coeficiente de Kuder Richardson. La validez de contenido se cuantificó con el coeficiente de Kendall y la de criterio, mediante la concordancia con el criterio establecido. Resultados El cuestionario tipo encuesta quedó constituido por 15 preguntas y estructurado en dos partes, información general y causas administrativas de la baja notificación de RAM. La alfa de Cronbach fue 0,87, el coeficiente de Kuder Richardson, 0,9033, y la validez total, 1,51, resultante de 70% de concordancia y un coeficiente de correlación por rangos de 0,81. Conclusiones La confiabilidad de la encuesta validada fue aceptable-elevada y su validez, aceptable.

ABSTRACT Objective Design and validate a survey to determine the administrative causes that can influence low reporting of adverse drug reactions. Methods The questionnaire design was based on a review of the literature and on brainstorming. The variables considered to influence reporting were professional workload and the professional perception of drug surveillance control activities. To validate the hypothesis, 60 professionals were surveyed in a convenience sample. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alfa and the Kuder-Richardson coefficient. Content validity was measured using the Kendall coefficient, and criterion validity, through concordance with the established criterion. Results The survey-type questionnaire was composed of 15 questions divided into two parts: general information and administrative causes of low adverse drug reactions reporting. Cronbach’s alfa was 0.87, the Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.9033, and overall validity was 1.51, resulting from 70% concordance and a rank correlation coefficient of 0.81. Conclusions The reliability of the validated survey was acceptable to high and validity was acceptable.

Rebound effect of drugs: fatal risk of conventional treatment and parmacological basis of homeopathic treatment / Efeito rebote das drogas: riscos fatais do tratamento convencional e bases farmacológicas do tratamento homeopático / Efecto rebote de drogas: riesgos fatales del tratamiento convencional y bases farmacológicas del tratamiento homeopático

The homeopathic model applies the secondary action or vital reaction of the organism as a therapeutic method and thus prescribes treatment by similitude, which consists in administering to ill individuals substances that cause similar symptoms in healthy individuals. The vital, homeostatic or paradoxical reaction of the organism might be explained scientifically by means of the rebound effect of modern drugs, which might cause fatal iatrogenic events after discontinuation of antipathic (a term used in alternative medicine for palliative treatment, also known as enantiopathic) treatment. Although the rebound effect is studied by modern pharmacology, it is poorly communicated to and discussed among healthcare professionals, who are thus deprived of information needed for the safe management of modern drugs. This article presents an up-to-date review on the rebound effect of modern drugs that grounds the homeopathic principle of healing and calls the attention of doctors to this type of adverse effect that is usually unnoticed. The rebound effect of modern palliative drugs, which was pointed out by Hahnemann more than two centuries ago, might cause fatal adverse events and is illustrated by the examples of acetylsalicylic acid, anti-inflammatory agents, bronchodilators, antidepressants, statins, proton-pump inhibitors, etc. Although the rebound effect is expressed by a small fraction of (susceptible) individuals and might be avoided by gradual tapering of antipathic drugs, it exhibits epidemiologic importance as a function of the massive use of such palliative drugs and the lack of knowledge in its regard.

O modelo homeopático aplica a ação secundária ou reação vital do organismo como método terapêutico. Assim, propõe o tratamento por semelhança, que consiste em administrar aos doentes substâncias que produzem sintomas similares em pessoas sadias. A reação vital, homeostática ou paradoxal do organismo pode ser explicada cientificamente com base no efeito rebote das drogas modernas. Este pode produzir eventos iatrogênicos fatais depois da suspensão do tratamento antipático (ou enantiopático, termo utilizado em medicina alternativa para se referir ao tratamento paliativo). Embora o efeito rebote é abordado pela farmacologia moderna, é pouco difundido e discutido pelos profissionais da saúde que, assim, são privados de informação necessária para o manejo seguro das drogas modernas. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão atualizada do efeito rebote das drogas modernas e que também embasa o princípio homeopático da cura. Apontado por Hahnemann mais de dois séculos atrás, o efeito rebote das drogas paliativas modernas pode causar efeitos adversos fatais, como ilustram os exemplos do ácido salicílico, anti-inflamatórios, broncodilatadores, antidepressivos, estatinas, inibidores da bomba de prótons, etc. Embora o efeito rebote seja expressado por uma pequena parte de indivíduos (suscetíveis) e possa ser evitando através da retirada gradual das drogas antipáticas, atinge importância epidemiológica devido ao uso maciço dessas drogas e do desconhecimento a seu respeito.

La Farmacovigilancia en los últimos 10 años: actualización de conceptos y clasificaciones. Logros y retos para el futuro en Colombia / Pharmacovigilance in the last 10 years: update of concepts and classifi cations. Achievements and challenges for the future in Colombia

Introducción: la farmacovigilancia es la disciplina encargada de la detección, evaluación, entendimiento y prevención de los efectos adversos y de cualquier otro problema relacionado con medicamentos. Desde la creación del Programa nacional de farmacovigilancia en cabeza del Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos en 1998, han ocurrido avances importantes por ejemplo en la existencia de experiencias colombianas de investigación en relación al tema. Así mismo, han sido actualizados algunos conceptos importantes y clasificaciones para el ejercicio de la disciplina. Objetivos: exponer los estudios publicados sobre reacciones adversas/eventos adversos a medicamentos en pacientes colombianos. Presentar una reseña sobre la historia de la Farmacovigilancia en Colombia y actualizar las definiciones y clasificaciones más importantes. Métodos: se utilizaron las bases de datos Medline, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, para la búsqueda de información. Resultados: se encontraron 13 estudios publicados dirigidos a detectar reacciones adversas/eventos adversos en pacientes colombianos realizados entre 1998 y el 2007. La frecuencia de reacciones adversas/eventos adversos en los hospitalizados estuvo entre el 1,2 y el 45% mientras que la misma frecuencia como motivo de consulta u hospitalización estuvo entre el 0,03% y el 6,8%. Estas cifras coinciden parcialmente con las de la literatura internacional y las diferencias de frecuencias encontradas se explican principalmente por el método de detección de reacciones adversas/eventos adversos empleado. Las nuevas clasificaciones clínicas y mecanísticas (DoTS y EIDOS) de las RAM parecen tener gran utilidad en la práctica y una de ellas fue empleada exitosamente en un estudio colombiano. Conclusiones: la farmacovigilancia ha avanzado significativamente en Colombia en la última década. Sin embargo es necesario mejorar la articulación de funciones entre todos los actores participantes y hacer de la detección y el reporte de RAM/EAM una práctica sistemática por parte de todos los profesionales de la salud, en especial de los medicamentos que han sido recientemente comercializados...

Introduction: The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug related problem. Since the creation of the Colombian Pharmacovigilance Program led by INVIMA (National Institute of Drug and Food Surveillance) in 1998, there have been significant progress and there are numerous research Colombian experiences regarding this topic. They have also been updated some important concepts and classifications for the practice of the discipline. Objectives: To published studies on adverse drug reactions/adverse drug events (ADR/ADE) in Colombian patients. Also, to describe the history of Pharmacovigilance in Colombia in briefly, and update the most important definitions and classifications. Methods: The databases reviewed were Medline, SciELO, LILACS and EMBASE. Results: There were 13 published studies aimed at detecting ADR/ADE in Colombian patients, conducted between 1998 and 2007. The frequency of ADR/ADE in hospitalized patients was between 1.2 and 45% while the same frequency as the reason for consultation or hospitalization was between 0.03% and 6.8%. These figures overlap with the international literature and differences between frequencies are mainly explained by the detection system that was used. The new classifications clinical and mechanistic (DoTS and EIDOS) of ADR seem to be very useful in practice, one of which was used successfully in a Colombian study. Conclusions: The Pharmacovigilance in Colombia has made significant progress in the last decade. However, it is necessary to improve the articulation of responsibilities between all actors involved and make the detection and reporting of ADR/ADE a routine practice by all health professionals, especially for those drugs that have recently been marketed...

Nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos / Drug-induced nephrotoxicity

La presente revisión incluye la descripción de los diferentes tipos de nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos de acuerdo a su clasificación histopatológica, mecanismo de generación, presentación clínica y medicamentos más frecuentemente implicados. Para esta revisión fue realizada una búsqueda sistemática en el Index Medicus de artículos relacionados publicados a partir de 1999, los cuales fueron seleccionados de acuerdo a su pertinencia. La nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos es un hallazgo de gran importancia clínica, debido a su alta frecuencia y potencial severidad, así como al desconocimiento de medidas preventivas en muchos casos. Las principales alteraciones renales producidas por medicamentos se pueden clasificar histopatológicamente, según la función renal alterada. De este modo, se encuentra la necrosis tubular aguda, la nefritis intersticial, la lesión glomerular y las alteraciones vasculares, que a su vez incluyen la microangiopatía trombótica, la aterosclerosis y la vasculitis. Finalmente, se hace una revisión de algunos medicamentos de uso habitual con alto potencial de nefrotoxicidad, haciendo énfasis en las recomendaciones de uso clínico dirigidas a optimizar la seguridad renal de estos productos...

This review includes a description of the different types of drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) according to histopathologic classification, generation mechanism, clinical presentation and drugs most frequently involved. For this review, a systematic search was conducted in the Index Medicus for articles published since 1999, which were selected according to their relevance. The DIN is a finding of major clinical importance due to their high frequency and potential severity, and the lack of preventive measures in many cases. The main renal impairments caused by drugs can be classifi ed histopathologically according to altered renal function. Thus, there is the acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, glomerular injury and vascular changes that in turn include thrombotic microangiopathy, atherosclerosis and vasculitis. Finally, some commonly used drugs with high potential for nephrotoxicity are reviewed, with emphasis on recommendations for clinical use to optimize the renal safety of these products...

Produtividade de grãos da soja em função do manejo de herbicida e fungicidas / Soybean grain yield in response to herbicide and fungicides

Com a introdução da soja resistente ao glifosato, ocorreu mudança no manejo da cultura, principalmente com relação ao manejo das plantas invasoras. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes manejos de herbicidas e fungicidas sobre o rendimento de grãos e os componentes do rendimento da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2006/2007, na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram utilizadas quatro cultivares de soja Roundup ReadyTM ('NK Mireya 4.2 RR', 'Fundacep 55 RR', 'NK Mágica 7.3 RR' e 'A 8100 RG'), dois manejos de herbicida (Clethodim + Bentazon e outro com glifosato), dois manejos de doenças constituídos com a aplicação de fungicida (Tebuconazole + Tiofanato Metílico) e sem o tratamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcela subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o rendimento de grãos e os componentes do rendimento. As cultivares responderam diferentemente ao manejo de herbicidas e fungicidas para produção de grãos; as cultivares que foram afetadas pelo manejo de herbicida obtiveram maior produtividade com a aplicação de glifosato, efeito que também foi observado com a aplicação de fungicida. As cultivares mais e menos produtivas apresentaram o maior e o menor peso de grãos, respectivamente. A aplicação de fungicida aumentou o índice de colheita.

With the introduction of the resistant soybeans to the glyphosate changed the management of the culture, mainly for management of the weed. This work was developed with the objective of evaluate the effect of the different management systems of herbicides and fungicides in grain yield and yield components of the soybean. The experiment was carried in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, at the Experimental Area of Department of Phytotecny of the Santa Maria Federal University. It was used, four soybean cultivars Roundup ReadyTM ('NK Mireya 4.2 RR', 'Fundacep 55 RR', 'NK Mágica 7.3 RR' and 'A 8100 RG'), two herbicide management (Clethodim + Bentazon and with glyphosate) and two fungicides management with application (Tebuconazole + Tiofanato Metílico) and without treatment. The experiment design was randomized blocks with splitsplitplot plot, with four replications. It was evaluated the grain yield and components of yield. The cultivars showed different responses to the management of herbicide and fungicides, for grain yield, cultivars that were affected by the herbicide management showed higher productivity with the application of glyphosate. The effect also was observed with the application of fungicide. The cultivars more and less productive presented the highest and lowest grain weight respectively. Fungicide application increased the harvest index.

Características morfológicas de cultivares de soja convencionais e Roundup ReadyTM em função da época e densidade de semeadura / Morphologic characteristic of the conventional soybean genotype and Roundup ReadyTM according to the sowing season and seed densities

O trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influência de diferentes densidades e épocas de semeadura em genótipos convencionais e Roundup ReadyTM (RR), nas características morfológicas de plantas de soja. O experimento foi conduzido em Jari, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A primeira semeadura foi realizada dentro da época indicada para a cultura (novembro), e a segunda, após a época indicada (janeiro), com as cultivares 'CEP/CD 41', 'CD 201', 'Fundacep 39',' Fundacep 44', 'CD 205', 'BRS 133', 'Fundacep 45', 'A 6001 RG', 'Mágica', 'AL72' e 'A 8100 RG', nas densidades de 250, 400 e 550 mil sementes aptas ha-1, na safra 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subsubdivididas e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o ciclo das cultivares, a altura de plantas, a altura de inserção do primeiro legume, o número de ramos planta-1 e de ramos m-2, o número de nós na haste principal planta-1 e na haste principal m-2, o rendimento biológico (RB) e o índice de colheita (IC). A semeadura em janeiro ocasiona redução no ciclo da cultura, na altura de plantas, na altura de inserção do primeiro legume, no número de nós planta-1 e de RB e no atraso da semeadura. O aumento da densidade de sementes não proporcionou aumento na estatura de plantas e altura de inserção do primeiro legume, nas cultivares RR. O período do ciclo que é mais afetado com atraso da semeadura é o vegetativo. O IC foi menor na semeadura em novembro; no entanto, o RB foi maior.

This paper has the objective to evaluate the influence of seed densities and sowing season in conventional soybean genotype and Roundup ReadyTM (RR), in the morphological characteristic of soybean plant. The experiments were conducted in Jari-RS, Brazil. The first seeding was done within the time prescribed for the crop(November), and the second, after the time indicated (January), with the cultivars 'CEP/CD 41', 'CD 201', 'Fundacep 39', 'Fundacep 44', 'CD 205', 'BRS 133', 'Fundacep 45', 'A 6001 RG', 'Mágica, AL72' and A '8100 RG', at densities of 250, 400 and 550 thousand seed seeds suitable ha-1 in the 2005/2006 harvest. The experiment design was randomized blocks with split plots, with four replications. The cultivars cycle, plant height, height of first pod insertion, number of branches plant-1, branches m-2, nodes' number of the main stem plant-1, nodes main stem m-2, biological yield (RB) and harvest index (IC). Sowing in January causes reduction in the crop cycle, plant height, height of first pod insertion, number of nodes plant-1 and RB and the increase in seed density not increased the height of first pod insertion in RR cultivars. The period cycle that is most affected by the delayed sowing is the vegetative. The IC sowing in November was lower, but the RB was larger.

Ocurrencia de efectos adversos a medicamentos entre el 20 de septiembre y el 2 de octubre de 2004 en el Centro de Atención Ambulatoria Central de la ESE Luis Carlos Sarmiento de Bogotá, Colombia / Adverse drug reactions ocurrence between september 20 and october 2 in 2004 in Centro de Atención Ambulatoria Central ESE Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: las reacciones adversas a medicamentos representan un problema de salud pública importante. Sin embargo, se desconoce la magnitud de éste en población ambulatoria en Colombia. Objetivo: establecer la prevalencia de reacciones adversas a medicamentos como motivo de consulta en un servicio de atención prioritaria. Materiales y métodos: el estudio se llevó a cabo en el servicio de atención prioritaria del Centro de Atención Ambulatoria Central de la Empresa Social del Estado Luis Carlos Sarmiento en Bogotá del 20 de septiembre al 2 de octubre de 2004. Las reacciones adversas medicamentosas fueron identificadas por un evaluador independiente quien revisó la totalidad de historias clínicas y cada vez que los médicos señalaron la sospecha de una reacción, posteriormente los pacientes fueron contactados. La evaluación de la causalidad, previsibilidad, y mecanismo de generación fue realizada por dos evaluadores. Resultados: la prevalencia de reacciones adversas medicamentosas fue de 45 en 1395 consultas, en dos semanas (2,8%). El reporte espontáneo modificado detectó 26,7% de las reacciones detectadas por búsqueda activa. De las reacciones adversas medicamentosas identificadas 73,3% ocurrieron en mujeres y 64,9% en mayores de 60 años; 75,6% fueron posibles (evaluación de causalidad), 95,6% fueron no serias, 44,4% fueron de tipo A (mecanismo de generación), y el 22,2% fueron prevenibles. Conclusiones: las reacciones adversas medicamentosas motivan una proporción importante de consultas, y el sistema de reporte espontáneo modificado detectó una cuarta parte de éstas. La distribución y tipo de reacciones adversas medicamentosas fueron similares a los descritos en otras series. No hubo diferencias en cuanto a la frecuencia de reacciones adversas medicamentosas y el género, y éstas fueron más frecuentes en ancianos. Dos de cada 10 reacciones adversas medicamentosas pudieron haberse prevenido...

Introduction: the adverse drug reactions represent an important public health problem. However, the importance of this problema in ambulatory care in Colombia is unknown. Objective: establishing the prevalence of adverse drug reactions as the reason for visiting an emergency department. Materials and methods: the study took place at the “Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento Empresa Social del Estado” Emergency Department’s Central Outpatient Centre in Bogotá. It was carried out between September 20th and October 2nd 2004. The adverse drug reactions were identified by an evaluator who reviewed all clinical histories, noting when physicians had indicated that a reaction had occurred. The patients were contacted. Two people evaluated causality, the degree of preventability and the mechanism producing the adverse drug reactions. Results: 45 adverse drug reactions were recorded in 1,395 visits made during a two-week period (2.8%). Modified spontaneous report detected 26.7% of adverses drug reactions identifi ed by active search. 73.3% of all identifi ed adverses drug reactions occurred in females, 64.9% in people older than 60; 75,6% were posible (causality assessment), 95,6% were non serious, 44,4% were of A type (mechanism producing the adverses drug reactions), and 22,2% were preventable. Conclusions: adverses drug reactions represent an important proportion of the reasons for outpatient consultation; the modified spontaneous report system detected a fourth part of those. There were no statistically significant differences between gender and adverse effects frequency. Adverse drug reactions occurred more frequently in elderly patients. Two out of each 10 adverses drug reactions could have been prevented...